Oekan Soekotjo AbdoellahSelly RiawantiSAKTI RITONGA2024-05-242024-05-242020-12-17https://repository.unpad.ac.id/handle/kandaga/170130140503Sakti Ritonga. Praktik Kekerabatan Migran Batak Toba pada Perkampungan di Kabupaten Asahan. Program Doktor Ilmu Sosiologi Konsentrasi Antropologi. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran, 2020. Disertasi ini mengkaji praktik kekerabatan sebagai strategi penghidupan migran Batak Toba di Asahan terhadap sumber daya tanah, tenaga kerja dan modal ekonomi. Migran dalam studi ini merupakan generasi kedua yaitu keturunan generasi pertama migran yang berpindah antara tahun 1800an hingga tahun 1930an. Studi yang terfokus pada tindakan agen dilakukan melalui perspektif teori praktik dari Bourdieu dengan menggunakan metode etnografi. Satuan analisis secara berjenjang yaitu individu, keluarga, kelompok keturunan dan marga, serta komunitas Batak Toba di Bandar Pulau, Bandar Pasir Mandoge dan Buntu Pane. Temuan studi memperlihatkan migrasi Batak Toba ke Asahan berlangsung secara bertahap dan spontan. Kaum migran tersebut datang dari berbagai wilayah kampung dan marga. Kebanyakan kaum migran merupakan petani, sebagian kecil pedagang, dan pencari kerja di perkebunan milik pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda. Perpindahan dilakukan oleh anak-anak muda atau rombongan, dibantu jaringan keluarga, marga, dan keturunan yang memudahkan perpindahan serta memberikan perlindungan materi dan psikologis menghadapi kesulitan penghidupan sembari terus menerus menyerap pendatang Batak Toba. Faktor kenyamanan hidup, selain desakan geografis, demografis, dan kebutuhan penghidupan, merupakan penyebab terpenting terjadi dan bertahannya migran walaupun mereka harus mengembangkan berbagai siasat adaptasi serta memunculkan tantangan bagi tarombo mereka. Sejarah perkampungan Batak Toba di pedalaman berkembang dalam struktur penguasaan yang ganti-berganti yang memunculkan keragaman serta kontestasi kepentingan. Pengambilan identitas Melayu-Islam memudahkan adaptasi Batak Toba di Asahan. Ruang kelompok kesukuan yang tertutup membuat situasi kehidupan bertumbuh sebagai siasat menguatkan relasi kekerabatan dan membangun kemandirian sebagai satuan kekerabatan berkorporasi. Walaupun ada percampuran atribut-atribut budaya seperti bahasa, ritual adat dan agama, di antara Batak dan Melayu, tetapi struktur kekerabatan Batak Toba tetap mengacu kepada sistem patrilineal sebagai bagian penting penanda identitas. Ajaran Islam tentang waris sejajar dengan dan semakin meneguhkan prinsip kekerabatan Batak Toba. Meskipun aspek kehidupan yang lain berubah, praktik kekerabatan sebagai strategi penghidupan sangat penting pada orang Batak Toba di perantauan, dengan fokus kepada penguasaan dan pengelolaan sumber daya penghidupan. Jika pada generasi pertama migran praktik kekerabatan untuk mengakses sumber daya dilakukan dengan pengaburan identitas kesukuan, pada generasi kedua justeru dinyatakan melalui praktik penonjolan identitas kesukuan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan praktik kekerabatan sebagai strategi penghidupan di antara kelas sosial petani di perkampungan di mana penghidupan mereka bergantung pada jaringan kekerabatan. Praktik kekerabatan dalam strategi penghidupan didasarkan atas ideologi kekerabatan yang mengajarkan kesatuan, tolong menolong, hak dan kewajiban resiprositas pertukaran bantuan untuk memperoleh keuntungan. Kontestasi terhadap sumber daya semakin rumit, sehingga tidak semua sengketa sumber daya bisa diselesaikan melalui kekuatan kekerabatan. Meski penggunaan jaringan marga atau keturunan menjadi terbatasi, tetapi praktik kekerabatan dalam strategi penghidupan ke depan bertahan, kendatipun ada perubahan sumber penghidupan ke sistem perkebunan industri serta ekonomi pasar. Jadi fungsi praktis kekerabatan bagi penghidupan tidak terbatas pada pertanian perdesaan. Studi ini memperlihatkan, sistem patrilineal Batak Toba yang sangat kuat juga amat dinamis serta lentur dalam aturan dan praktiknya, sehingga akhirnya menjadi pola yang berkelanjutan. Kata Kunci. migrasi, praktik kekerabatan, Batak Toba, strategi penghidupan, perkampungan kesukuan. Sakti Ritonga. A Kinship Practice Among Toba Batak Migrants in Suburban Areas of Asahan Regency. Doctoral Program in Anthropology. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran, 2020. This dissertation studies the practice of kinship as a livelihood strategy for second generation Toba Batak migrants to manage their soil resources, labor and economic capital. The migrants in this study are the second generation whom are the descendants of the first generation who migrated between the 1800s and 1930s. This study, which focuses on the agents, is conducted through the perspective of Bourdieu`s theory of practice using ethnographic methods. Tiered analysis units are ranged between individuals, families, heredities and clans, and the Toba Batak community who live in Asahan on the inland suburbs of Bandar Pulau, Bandar Pasir Mandoge, and Buntu Pane. The findings of the study show that the migration of the Toba Batak to Asahan was gradual and spontaneous. These migrants came from various villages and clans. Most migrants were farmers, a small number of whom were traders, and some were seeking jobs on plantations owned by the Dutch East Indies government. This migration is carried out by young people or groups, assisted by chains of networking from families, clans, and descendants of the previous migrants who facilitate them and provide material and psychological protection should they face any difficulties during the early stage of their life as Toba Batak migrants. Life comfort factors, in addition to geographical, demographic, and livelihood needs, are the most important causes of migrant survival even though they must develop various adaptation strategies and this give rise to challenges for their tarombo. The history of the Toba Batak village in Asahan developed in a changing ruling structure that often allowed diversity and contestation of interests to upsurge. Taking Malay-Islamic identity making the adaptation strategy easier. The closed space of tribal groups makes the situation of life grow as a strategy to strengthen kinship relationships and to build self-reliance as a corporate kinship unit. Although there is a mixture of cultural attributes such as language, traditional rituals and religion, between Batak and Melayu people, but the kinship structure of the Toba Batak still refers to the patrilineal system as an important part of identity markers. Islamic teachings on inheritance system are parallel to and increasingly reinforce the principles of the Toba Batak kinship. Although other aspects of life have changed, the practice of kinship as a livelihood strategy is still very important for Toba Batak migrants who live overseas, with a focus on mastery and management of livelihood resources. If in the first generation migrants the practice of kinship to access resources is done by blurring tribal identity, the second generation is made their tribal identity prominence. There is no difference in kinship practices as a livelihood strategy among the social classes of farmers in the villages where their livelihoods depend on kinship networks. Kinship practices in livelihood strategies are based on ideology of kinship that teaches unity, mutual assistance, rights and obligations on reciprocity of the exchange of aid for profit. The contestation of resources is increasingly complicated, so that not all resource disputes can be resolved through the power of kinship. Although the use of clan or descendant networks is limited, kinship practices in future livelihood strategies still persist, despite changes in livelihood resources to the industrial estate system and the market economy. Hence, the practical function of kinship for livelihood is not limited only to rural agriculture. This study shows that the Toba Batak patrilineal system which is very strong is also very dynamic and flexible in its rules and practices, so that it eventually becomes a sustainable pattern. Keywords. migration, kinship practices, Toba Batak, livelihood strategies, tribal villages.MigrasiPraktik KekerabatanBatak Toba